An adaptive challenge cannot be resolved completely through authority or (change) management. Rather, it takes actively mobilizing stakeholders to address real and perceived loss of established ideals, values, and competencies while also actively learning new competencies, capabilities, and culture. As challenges become more purely adaptive, the locus of work needs deeper engagement by those a ected. is form of “exercising leadership” is needed to move people through the adaptive challenge.

Heifetz analogized movement to change in the natural world. In addition to production, “Nature has three basic tasks: what to conserve, what to discard, and what innovations (new ‘DNA’) will enable new capacity,” he said, noting that nature “evolves” slowly and often imperceptibly. “ is is important as a leadership metaphor because really significant change is highly conservative. Small changes in DNA can result in major leaps. People in authority talk with enthusiasm about innovations and change, yet neglect to emphasize and communicate to stakeholders all that will remain the same. We frighten people and they respond to the sense of loss rather than all that’s going to be preserved.”

A critical aspect of exercising leadership is to identify what “DNA” needs to be conserved, while at the same time identifying what must change. is necessitates working with people to create a vision for the future, while attaching this new vision to the organization’s historic mission and ideals. It also requires innovation and new ways of working and new competencies, while pacing the change in a way that enables people to deal with loss and make the gains their own.

Human services leaders will be stymied in their efforts if adaptive leadership is not exercised, said Oftelie and Heifetz.

When a person or group isn’t mobilized to work through their adaptive challenge, they may work against the new vision and derail a transformational initiative. Common examples of maladaptive behavior include:

• Avoidance: People disengage from the initiative – consciously or unconsciously – as they avoid the pain, anxiety, or con ict that comes with actively working through the gains and losses.
• Direct Push-back: People will actively ght the changes and advocate for previous models and methods of work.
• Circumvention: People will work around leadership and lobby agency heads, legislators, or whoever will lend a sympathetic ear in order to delay, distract, or derail the initiative.
• Shadow Processes: People will secretly keep past processes and operating models (undermining e ciencies that come from new models) in order to retain a sense of control.

Heifetz offered recommendations for leaders to mobilize themselves and other individuals within their organizations:

Identify the Adaptive Challenges: Be in a position where you know what will happen next. If you assess and forecast where the adaptive challenges will arise you can start working with the people a ected and resolve the tensions and tradeo s related to their changing roles, capabilities, loyalties, and identity.
• Start with Micro-adaptations: Realize that people need time to work through adaptive challenges – and get to know their limits. Pilot programs and small-scale innovations can build capacity for subsequent larger-scale adaptations. Create a “holding environment” for groups to discuss all of the issues related to the change in a non-judgmental atmosphere.
• Understand and Assess the Psychology of “Gains and Losses”: Understand the perceived and real value gains and value losses to each category of stakeholder, i.e., data center managers will perceive the value vastly di erent than an authorizing body or a senior executive in the initiative. Remember that perceived losses a ect adoption as much as perceived gains.
• Protect Voices of Leadership: Find and protect the people who exercise leadership but don’t have the cover of formal authority. ese people are the “change-makers” within an organization and usually have a high capacity for mobilizing themselves and their peers. Funnel them timely information, engage them in helping to voice the necessity of change, and protect them during the process.
• Hold Steady: Last – and most important – protect yourself. Realize that you are a ected by the change and adaptation also. Work through your personal adaptation- and if you can, do some of that with others. Separate yourself from your role and understand that maladaptive people will attack your role and your authority – don’t take it personally.

There are many ways to describe the changes taking place in human services today: disruptive, revolutionary, transformational, radical. No matter how it’s described, people in human services organizations have to keep services owing for the most vulnerable customers, while creating a new vision, organization, and identity for the future. Exercising adaptive leadership will be the pivotal strategy for helping people during this journey, and for realizing the potential of new business models for outcomes, impact, and value.